What is the term used to describe long term changes in plant species composition in a forest?

The term that describes long-term changes in plant species composition in a forest is known as succession. Succession refers to the process through which ecosystems undergo changes over time, typically involving a series of stages that result in different species establishing themselves in a particular area. This can occur following a disturbance, such as a fire or logging, or in newly formed environments, like after a volcanic eruption or glacial retreat.

During succession, the initial stages often feature pioneer species—plants that are well-adapted to colonize barren environments. As these species establish themselves and alter the habitat, they create conditions that may be suitable for other, more complex assemblages of plant and animal life to emerge. This process can lead to a climax community, which is a stable and mature ecosystem characterized by a rich diversity of species that persist over time, provided there are no major disturbances.

Understanding succession is fundamental in ecology as it reflects the dynamic nature of forests and other ecosystems, emphasizing how they evolve and recover over time. This concept is crucial for practices in conservation, land management, and restoration ecology.